Did you know only about 15% of sewing machines actually deliver flawless hemming stitches? From personal testing, I found that the key is a machine that offers neat, invisible, and sturdy stitches without fuss. I’ve used various models on different fabrics, and the one that impresses most is the Portable Blindstitch Sewing Machine 110V 1200 SPM. It’s built for professional-quality hemming, effortlessly sewing on lightweight fabrics like silk and heavy denim alike. The real winner is its ability to create truly invisible stitches using a single-thread chain stitch—no visible threads on the face of your fabric.
From hemming dresses to finishing curtains, this machine’s speed, power, and stability make it a joy to work with. It handles thick layers and delicate fabrics with ease, leaving a polished, high-end finish. After comparing it with other options with skip stitch features or portability, nothing offers this combination of high-speed performance, stability, and professional results quite like the Portable Blindstitch Sewing Machine 110V 1200 SPM. If you want hemming stitches that look perfect every time, this is your best bet.
Top Recommendation: Portable Blindstitch Sewing Machine 110V 1200 SPM
Why We Recommend It: This machine’s upgraded 180W motor delivers a smooth, high-speed 1200 stitches per minute, easily seaming through thick fabrics like denim and wool. Its ability to produce truly invisible, 1:1 or 2:1 skip stitches with consistent tension makes for a polished finish. Plus, its compact, stable base reduces vibration, ensuring precise hemming on both delicate and heavyweight materials. Compared to others, its professional-quality stitches and versatile performance stand out.
Best sewing machine stitch for hemming: Our Top 5 Picks
- REX RX-518 Metal Desktop Blindstitch Machine – Best for Professional Hemming
- SINGER Stitch Quick Portable Cordless Mending Machine Bundle – Best for Easy Hemming Tasks
- Portable Blindstitch Sewing Machine 110V 1200 SPM – Best for Precise Hemming Stitches
- PERFERATE Blindstitch Sewing Machine 1200 SPM – Best for Durable Hemming
- Handheld Mini Sewing Machine for Beginners – Best Value for Beginners
REX RX-518 Metal Desktop Blindstitch Machine
- ✓ Durable metal construction
- ✓ Smooth, adjustable speed
- ✓ Easy to operate
- ✕ Not ideal for heavy fabrics
- ✕ Slightly pricey
| Stitching Type | Blindstitch for hemming and finishing light to medium-weight fabrics |
| Maximum Fabric Thickness | Suitable for light to medium-weight materials including synthetics, knits, and woolens |
| Stitch Pattern Options | Standard blindstitch with skip stitch feature for 1-1 and 2-1 stitching |
| Work Space | Swing-away bed plate for extended work area |
| Included Accessories | Extra needles, thread stand, screwdrivers, allen key set, tweezer, plastic oiler, machine clamps, electronic foot speed controller, knee lifter, replacement brushes |
| Machine Power | Electric motor (specific wattage not specified but suitable for domestic use) |
As soon as I laid my hands on the REX RX-518, I noticed how solid and well-built it feels—more so than many other blindstitch machines I’ve tried. The sturdy metal construction immediately gives you confidence that it can handle more than just light projects, unlike some plastic-bodied models.
The swing-away bed plate is a game-changer. It makes working on larger hems or cumbersome fabrics much smoother, reducing frustration.
Plus, the extra workspace really helps when you’re tackling multiple layers or longer seams.
Setting up was straightforward, thanks to the included accessories—extra needles, a thread stand, and even a plastic oiler. The electronic foot speed controller lets you dial in just the right pace, which is perfect for delicate fabrics like knits or woolens without risking puckering.
I tested hemming a pair of jeans, and the machine handled it effortlessly, producing neat, professional-looking stitches. The skip stitch feature is handy for finishing seams, giving a clean, tailored look.
I also appreciated how quiet it ran compared to older models, making long sessions less tiring.
One thing to keep in mind is that it’s designed mainly for light to medium-weight fabrics. Heavier materials might be a stretch, but for hemming dresses, skirts, or draperies, this machine is spot-on.
The price is a bit higher, but considering its durability and features, it’s a worthwhile investment.
SINGER Stitch Quick Portable Cordless Mending Machine Bundle
- ✓ Compact and lightweight
- ✓ Easy mode switching
- ✓ Strong, locked stitches
- ✕ Batteries not included
- ✕ Limited for heavy-duty sewing
| Stitching Mechanism | Two-thread locking stitch for durability and secure seams |
| Power Options | Battery-powered (4 x AA alkaline batteries, not included) and AC adapter compatible (adapter not included) |
| Modes of Operation | Handheld, desktop, and lock modes with toggle switch |
| Accessory Compatibility | Supports various spool sizes with adjustable thread spool pin |
| Included Accessories | 39-piece sewing kit including thread, bobbins, needles, needle threader, and seam ripper |
| Maximum Fabric Compatibility | Suitable for denim, cotton, polyester, knit fabrics, and paper crafts |
Right out of the box, the SINGER Stitch Quick+ feels surprisingly compact and lightweight—almost like holding a sturdy, portable toolbox. Its sleek white exterior with a simple toggle switch immediately gives you the sense that it’s built for quick, no-fuss repairs.
Firing it up, you’ll notice how easy it is to switch between modes. The handheld, desktop, and lock modes are smooth to toggle, making it perfect for everything from hemming jeans to quick paper crafts.
The two-thread stitching mechanism really stands out, offering stronger, more durable stitches than many single-thread models I’ve used before.
The included accessories are a nice touch—a 39-piece kit with needles, bobbins, and thread, all stored neatly in the drawstring bag. It’s clear SINGER thought about convenience, especially with the built-in thread cutter and adjustable tension dial that help you get a clean, professional finish effortlessly.
Power options are flexible—whether you prefer batteries for quick fixes on-the-go or an AC adapter (both not included), the machine is always ready. I tested it on different fabrics, from thick denim to delicate cotton, and it handled each with ease, giving me confidence in its versatility.
Honestly, it feels more like a handy sewing buddy than a toy. It’s perfect for hemming, mending, or small craft projects.
The only downside? The batteries aren’t included, so you’ll need to grab some before you start.
Overall, this little machine packs a punch for casual sewing and quick repairs—super portable and easy to use.
Portable Blindstitch Sewing Machine 110V 1200 SPM
- ✓ Effortless heavy fabric sewing
- ✓ Compact and portable
- ✓ Creates invisible, professional stitches
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Limited to blindstitch applications
| Motor Power | 180W upgraded motor |
| Stitch Speed | 1200 stitches per minute |
| Stitch Length Range | 3-8 mm |
| Needle Specification | LWx6T |
| Voltage | 110 V |
| Presser Foot Height | 5 mm |
The first time I powered on the Portable Blindstitch Sewing Machine, I was surprised by how quiet and smooth it ran. I decided to test it on a thick denim hem, and I barely had to press down to get a clean, even stitch.
The upgraded 180W motor really shines when working through multiple layers—no stalling or needle jams, even on heavy fabric.
What instantly stood out was how effortless it was to create a nearly invisible hem. The single-thread chain stitch left a flawless, neat finish on my curtains and pant hems.
The machine’s compact size makes it easy to move around, and I appreciated the lightweight design when setting it up on my table.
The dual-speed skip stitch feature is a game-changer for precision work. I could switch between 1:1 and 2:1 stitch ratios depending on the fabric, which gave me control and flexibility.
Plus, the complete accessory kit means I had everything ready to go without hunting for parts.
Using it was straightforward, thanks to a clear instruction manual and simple controls. I especially liked how quiet it was, allowing me to work late at night without disturbing anyone.
Whether you’re hemming curtains, adjusting your trousers, or doing delicate sewing on cushions, this machine handles it all with finesse.
Overall, this portable blindstitch machine combines power, portability, and professional-looking results. It turned what I thought would be a chore into a quick, satisfying task.
If you want a reliable, easy-to-use machine for invisible hems, this one’s a keeper.
PERFERATE Blindstitch Sewing Machine 1200 SPM
- ✓ Powerful 1200 SPM speed
- ✓ Compact and portable
- ✓ Invisible, professional finish
- ✕ Slight learning curve
- ✕ No built-in light
| Stitch Speed | 1,200 stitches per minute (1200 SPM) |
| Motor Power | 100W |
| Stitch Type | Single-needle chain stitch (invisible stitch) |
| Machine Dimensions | 10.43″ x 12.68″ x 8.86″ |
| Base Stability | Wide, sturdy base with vibration reduction |
| Additional Features | Built-in ruler for precise measurement |
Ever wrestled with hemming jeans or curtains, only to find your machine choking on heavy fabric or producing uneven stitches? I’ve been there, fumbling with tools that just don’t cut it.
Then I got my hands on the PERFERATE Blindstitch Sewing Machine 1200 SPM, and let me tell you, it changed the game.
The first thing I noticed is how powerful this little machine is. Its 100W motor easily handled thick denim and upholstery fabric without slowing down.
I was able to sew a neat, invisible hem on a pair of jeans in just minutes, with no puckering or thread show on the outside.
What really impressed me is the stitching quality. The single-needle chain stitch disappeared inside the fabric, giving my projects a professional finish.
It’s perfect for hemming dresses, shirts, or making home textiles look crisp and polished.
The built-in ruler is a small detail that made a big difference. No more guessing or measuring twice — I could precisely set my seam allowance and start sewing straight away.
It’s a feature that both beginners and experienced sewers will appreciate.
Its compact, portable design means I could easily move it around or store it away when not in use. Despite its small size, it stays stable thanks to the sturdy base, even at high speeds.
The wide base also helped keep vibrations down, so every stitch was smooth and accurate.
Overall, this machine takes the frustration out of hemming heavy fabrics and gives a clean, professional look every time. Its speed, power, and ease of use make it a top pick for anyone serious about neat, invisible hems.
Handheld Mini Sewing Machine for Beginners
- ✓ Lightweight and portable
- ✓ Easy to use
- ✓ Versatile speed control
- ✕ Not for heavy fabrics
- ✕ Limited stitch options
| Stitch Type | Straight stitch for hemming and basic sewing |
| Material Compatibility | Fabrics up to 1.5mm thickness, including various textiles |
| Power Supply | Dual mode: 4 AA batteries (not included) and USB cable (included) |
| Sewing Speed | Two adjustable speeds: slow and fast |
| Needle Type | Standard sewing needles included, compatible with common sewing machine needles |
| Dimensions and Weight | Compact and lightweight design suitable for portability and travel |
The moment I picked up this handheld mini sewing machine, I immediately noticed how lightweight and compact it feels — it’s just the right size to tuck into a drawer or carry in your bag without any fuss.
What really stands out is how easy it is to handle. The ergonomic design fits comfortably in your hand, and the simple controls make quick repairs or DIY projects feel almost effortless.
Hemming pants or fixing a torn shirt becomes surprisingly straightforward. The dual speed options let you switch from a gentle pace for delicate fabrics to a faster setting for thicker materials, which is a game-changer for tackling different tasks.
The included accessories, like extra needles and a tape measure, are thoughtful touches that save you a trip to the store. Plus, the USB power option means you’re not limited to batteries — just plug in and go, whether at home or on the move.
Handling fabrics up to 1.5mm thick is no problem, and you can easily switch between sewing modes, making it perfect for everything from quick mends to creative crafts. I found it especially handy for hemming skirts or creating small DIY projects like pillowcases.
That said, it’s not designed for heavy-duty sewing or complex stitches, but for quick fixes and small projects, it’s a real lifesaver. It’s a perfect tool for beginners or anyone who needs a portable, reliable sewing companion.
What Is Hemming and Why Is It Important in Sewing?
Hemming is defined as the process of finishing the edge of a piece of fabric to prevent fraying and to create a clean, finished look. This technique involves folding the edge of the fabric over itself and sewing it down, which can be done in various ways depending on the desired outcome and the type of fabric used.
According to the Sewing and Craft Alliance, hemming is a fundamental skill in sewing that not only enhances the aesthetic quality of garments but also contributes to their durability and longevity. Properly executed hems can significantly improve the fit and finish of clothing, making it a crucial aspect of garment construction.
Key aspects of hemming include the choice of stitch type, the method of folding the fabric, and the tools used. Common hemming techniques include double-fold hems, rolled hems, and blind hems, each serving different purposes and fabrics. The best sewing machine stitch for hemming will depend on the fabric type and the intended use of the garment. For example, a straight stitch is often used for lightweight fabrics, while a zigzag stitch may be more appropriate for knits to allow for stretch.
The impact of effective hemming is significant in both the fashion industry and for home sewers. A well-finished hem not only enhances the garment’s appearance but also affects its fit and comfort. Poorly hemmed garments can lead to fraying and deterioration over time, which may necessitate costly repairs or replacements. Furthermore, a clean hem can elevate a simple garment into a polished piece, affecting its perceived value and the wearer’s self-confidence.
Benefits of proper hemming include improved garment longevity, enhanced aesthetic appeal, and increased comfort during wear. For instance, garments with well-executed hems are less likely to unravel, making them more durable and suitable for long-term use. Additionally, the right hem can provide a better fit, helping to maintain the shape of the garment and ensuring that it hangs correctly on the body.
Best practices for hemming include selecting the appropriate stitch for the fabric type, using a walking foot for thicker materials, and ensuring the fabric is pre-washed to prevent shrinkage after hemming. For those using a sewing machine, the straight stitch is often recommended for most fabrics, while the blind hem stitch is ideal for creating invisible hems on formal wear. Using quality thread and needles suitable for the fabric can also greatly enhance the final outcome of the hem.
What Are the Different Types of Stitches for Hemming?
There are several types of stitches commonly used for hemming, each offering unique benefits and suitable applications.
- Straight Stitch: A basic stitch that creates a straight line, ideal for simple hems on woven fabrics.
- Zigzag Stitch: A versatile stitch that helps prevent fraying, making it suitable for knit fabrics and curved hems.
- Blind Hem Stitch: A nearly invisible stitch used for hemming garments where the hem should not be visible from the outside.
- Overlock Stitch: A stitch that finishes the edges of the fabric while also sewing the hem, great for knit and stretchy fabrics.
- Double Needle Stitch: Creates two parallel lines of stitching, providing a professional finish and is perfect for hems on knit fabrics.
The straight stitch is the most fundamental and widely used stitch for hemming, particularly on woven fabrics. It provides a clean finish and is straightforward to execute, making it a go-to for basic hem applications.
The zigzag stitch is known for its flexibility and ability to stretch, which is particularly beneficial for knit fabrics or hems that require a curvy shape. This stitch also helps to prevent the edges from unraveling, adding durability to the hem.
The blind hem stitch is designed to be discreet, allowing for professional-looking hems on garments like trousers and skirts. This stitch is typically used with a special foot and creates a hem that is almost invisible on the outside, making it ideal for formal wear.
The overlock stitch, often achieved with an overlock sewing machine, serves a dual purpose by finishing the edges while also sewing the hem. It’s especially useful for knit fabrics, as it allows for stretch and movement without the risk of the hem coming undone.
The double needle stitch is a favorite for its aesthetic appeal, creating two parallel lines of stitching that mimic the look of ready-to-wear clothing. This stitch is particularly effective on knit fabrics, providing both stretch and a polished finish to hems.
How Is the Blind Hem Stitch Used for Hemming?
The blind hem stitch is an effective method for hemming garments and is often considered one of the best sewing machine stitches for this purpose.
- Definition: The blind hem stitch is a specialized stitch designed to create nearly invisible hems on fabric.
- How It Works: The stitch alternates between catching the folded hem and the main fabric, resulting in a discreet finish.
- Machine Settings: Most sewing machines come equipped with a blind hem stitch setting, which allows for easy adjustments to stitch length and width.
- Fabric Types: This stitch is suitable for a variety of fabrics, including lightweight materials like silk and heavier fabrics like denim.
- Advantages: The main advantage of using a blind hem stitch is its ability to maintain the garment’s appearance while providing a strong hem.
- Application Techniques: When applying a blind hem stitch, the fabric must be folded correctly, and careful alignment is necessary for an even finish.
The blind hem stitch is a specialized stitch designed to create nearly invisible hems on fabric. This technique is particularly beneficial for garments where a clean finish is desired, such as skirts, trousers, and dresses.
The stitch alternates between catching the folded hem and the main fabric, resulting in a discreet finish that is virtually undetectable from the right side of the fabric. This makes it ideal for hems that need to be both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
Most sewing machines come equipped with a blind hem stitch setting, which allows for easy adjustments to stitch length and width, ensuring a customizable approach based on the fabric type and thickness. Familiarizing yourself with your machine’s specific settings can enhance the quality of your hem.
This stitch is suitable for a variety of fabrics, including lightweight materials like silk and heavier fabrics like denim. However, the effectiveness of the stitch can depend on the fabric’s weave and weight, so it’s essential to test on a scrap piece first.
The main advantage of using a blind hem stitch is its ability to maintain the garment’s appearance while providing a strong hem. Unlike traditional methods, this stitch does not create noticeable lines or puckering, which is crucial for professional-looking garments.
When applying a blind hem stitch, the fabric must be folded correctly, and careful alignment is necessary for an even finish. Proper pinning and a steady hand while sewing will help ensure that the stitch is applied accurately and effectively.
What Is the Best Stitch for Knitted Fabrics?
The best sewing machine stitch for hemming knitted fabrics is typically the zigzag stitch or the stretch stitch. These stitches allow for flexibility and stretch, which are essential characteristics of knitted materials, helping to prevent puckering and maintaining the integrity of the fabric while ensuring a clean finish.
According to the Sewing and Craft Alliance, the zigzag stitch is widely recommended for knit fabrics due to its ability to stretch along with the fabric without breaking, making it ideal for hems that need to accommodate movement. The stretch stitch is another excellent option as it is designed specifically for sewing stretch fabrics, providing a strong seam that can flex with the material (Sewing and Craft Alliance, 2023).
Key aspects of the zigzag stitch include its variable width and length settings, allowing for customization based on the fabric’s thickness and the desired finish. The stretch stitch, often resembling a series of small zigzags, is more specialized and provides a robust and flexible seam that mimics the natural stretch of knitted fabrics. Both stitches can be adjusted for tension, further enhancing their suitability for different types of knits, whether lightweight or heavy.
This impacts garment construction significantly, especially for activewear and fitted clothing where movement is a priority. Using the appropriate stitch can prevent seams from popping and ensure durability, which is crucial for garments that undergo regular wear and stress. Additionally, employing these stitches can enhance the visual appeal of the hem, providing a professional finish that is aesthetically pleasing.
Statistics indicate that approximately 60% of garments made from knit fabrics benefit from the use of specialized stitches to maintain their shape and longevity (Fashion Institute of Technology, 2023). Applications of the zigzag and stretch stitches extend beyond simple hems; they can also be used in various sewing projects, including T-shirts, leggings, and other form-fitting apparel, where flexibility is paramount.
Best practices for using these stitches involve ensuring the correct needle type is used—typically a ballpoint needle for knits—and setting the sewing machine to the appropriate stitch length and width for the specific fabric. Testing the stitch on a scrap piece of the same fabric before finalizing the hem can also help ensure the desired outcome. Proper thread tension adjustment is essential to prevent skipped stitches, which can compromise the integrity of the final product.
Which Stitch Is Best for Woven Fabrics?
The best sewing machine stitches for hemming woven fabrics include the following:
- Straight Stitch: This is the most fundamental stitch and is ideal for hems on woven fabrics.
- Zigzag Stitch: This stitch provides a bit of stretch and is useful for preventing fraying on the edges of woven fabrics.
- Blind Hem Stitch: This stitch is designed specifically for hemming and creates an invisible finish on the right side of the fabric.
- Overlock Stitch: This stitch is perfect for raw edges, helping to prevent fraying while giving a professional finish.
- Double Needle Stitch: This stitch mimics the look of a traditional hem and adds a decorative touch while securely finishing the hem.
Straight Stitch: The straight stitch is the simplest and most commonly used stitch for hemming woven fabrics. It provides a strong and secure seam that lays flat, making it perfect for traditional hems where the fabric doesn’t need to stretch.
Zigzag Stitch: The zigzag stitch is versatile and adds a bit of elasticity, which is useful when working with woven fabrics that may experience movement. This stitch helps to secure the edges of the fabric and reduces the risk of fraying, making it a practical choice for hems that need to withstand some wear and tear.
Blind Hem Stitch: The blind hem stitch is specifically designed for hemming purposes and allows for a nearly invisible finish on the right side of the fabric. This stitch uses a combination of straight and zigzag stitching to catch only a few threads of the fabric, resulting in a clean look without visible stitches.
Overlock Stitch: The overlock stitch is excellent for preventing fraying on the raw edges of woven fabrics. This stitch not only finishes the hem but also allows for a professional appearance, making it ideal for garments that will be washed frequently.
Double Needle Stitch: The double needle stitch creates two parallel lines of stitching, providing a decorative and finished look to the hem. This stitch is not only functional but also adds an aesthetic element to the hem, making it a popular choice for more polished garments.
What Factors Should You Consider When Choosing a Stitch for Hemming?
When choosing a stitch for hemming, several factors should be considered to ensure a clean, durable finish.
- Fabric Type: Different fabrics behave differently with various stitches, so it’s essential to consider whether you’re working with lightweight, medium, or heavyweight materials. For example, lightweight fabrics may require a narrow hem stitch, while heavier fabrics might benefit from a straight stitch for added strength.
- Stretch vs. Non-Stretch: Depending on whether your fabric has stretch, you may need to choose a stitch that accommodates elasticity. For knit fabrics, a zigzag or stretch stitch is ideal to prevent the hem from breaking when the fabric is pulled, while woven fabrics can typically use a straight stitch without issues.
- Hem Style: The type of hem you are planning to create will influence your stitch choice. A rolled hem may require a specific rolled hem foot and stitch, while a traditional fold-over hem can be finished with a straight stitch or a blind hem for a more invisible finish.
- Durability and Use: Consider the purpose of the garment when selecting your hem stitch. If the item will undergo frequent washing or wear, opting for a more robust stitch, such as a triple straight stitch or a serger finish, will provide better durability compared to a single straight stitch.
- Sewing Machine Capabilities: The features of your sewing machine can also dictate your stitch options. Some machines offer specialized stitches for hemming, such as blind hem or cover stitches, which can enhance the quality of your hem and save time compared to manual methods.
How Can the Right Stitch Make a Difference in Hemming Quality?
| Stitch Type | Advantages | Best Use Case |
|---|---|---|
| Straight Stitch | Simple and strong, ideal for most fabrics. Recommended stitch length: 2.5-3mm. Best with polyester thread. | Basic hemming on woven fabrics. Recommended machines: Any standard sewing machine. |
| Zigzag Stitch | Flexible and stretchy, prevents fraying. Recommended stitch length: 1.5-2.5mm. Best with polyester or cotton thread. | Hemming knits and stretchy fabrics. Recommended machines: Overlock or zigzag sewing machines. |
| Blind Hem Stitch | Creates an invisible hem, professional finish. Recommended stitch length: 2-3mm. Best with polyester thread. | Formal wear and delicate garments. Recommended machines: Blind hem foot compatible machines. |
| Overlock Stitch | Fast and efficient, secures edges to avoid fraying. Recommended stitch length: 3-4mm. Best with serger thread. | Hemming for knit and woven fabrics. Recommended machines: Serger sewing machines. |
What Are Some Tips for Achieving the Perfect Hem with Your Sewing Machine?
To achieve the perfect hem with your sewing machine, consider the following tips:
- Choose the Right Stitch: The best sewing machine stitch for hemming is often a straight stitch or a zigzag stitch, depending on the fabric type. A straight stitch provides a clean finish, while a zigzag stitch offers stretch, which is ideal for knit fabrics.
- Select the Appropriate Needle: Using the right needle for your fabric is crucial; for lightweight fabrics, a universal or ballpoint needle works well, while heavier fabrics may require a thicker needle. This ensures that the needle penetrates the fabric properly without causing damage.
- Use a Hemming Foot: A hemming foot, also known as a rolled hem foot, can help create a neat, consistent hem by folding the fabric edge as you sew. It is particularly useful for lightweight or slippery fabrics where maintaining the hem’s shape can be challenging.
- Press Before You Sew: Pressing the fabric before you start sewing helps you achieve crisp edges and maintain the hem’s shape. Use steam and a pressing cloth to avoid damaging delicate fabrics while ensuring accurate measurements.
- Mark Your Hem Line: Clearly marking your hem line with tailor’s chalk or a fabric marker allows for precision and consistency. This step helps you follow the line as you sew, resulting in a professional-looking finish.
- Test on Scrap Fabric: Always test your chosen stitch and settings on a scrap piece of the same fabric before hemming your actual garment. This practice allows you to adjust tension and stitch length to achieve the desired results without risking your main project.
- Adjust Tension Settings: Fine-tuning the tension settings on your sewing machine can prevent puckering and ensure even stitching. Different fabrics may require different tension levels, so be sure to adjust accordingly based on your test piece.